Supporting public involvement in research design and grant development: a case study of a public involvement award scheme managed by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Design Service (RDS)

Background

It is good practice for the public to be involved in developing health research. Resources should be available for researchers to fund the involvement of the public in the development of their grants.

Objective

To describe a funding award scheme to support public involvement in grant development, managed by an NIHR Research Design Service (RDS). Case examples of how the award contributed to successful grant applications and findings from a recent evaluation of the scheme are presented.

Design

A case study of resource provision to support public involvement activities in one region of England.

Participants

University and NHS‐based researchers, and members of the public.

Findings

Between 2009 and 2012, the RDS approved 45 public involvement funding awards (totalling nearly £19 000). These awards contributed to 27 submitted applications at the time of writing, of which 11 were successful (totalling over £7.5 million). The evaluation revealed difficulties encountered by some researchers when involving the public in grant development, which led to suggestions about how the scheme could be improved.

Conclusion

This award scheme represents an efficient method of providing researchers with resources to involve the public in grant development and would appear to represent good value for money.     

民营职业卫生技术服务机构的发展现状

综述了我国职业卫生技术服务机构的市场构成情况,对民营职业卫生技术服务机构的发展前景进行了综合分析.通过对内蒙古地区、天津市及北京市职业卫生技术服务机构人员构成情况进行综述,指出了当前职业卫生技术服务机构的首要发展瓶颈为人力资源配置不足,对民营职业卫生技术服务机构提出了发挥体制优势、最大限度地利用社会资源和强化人力资源管理、积极抢占市场份额的发展建议.     

甘肃省康乐县药用植物资源初探

目的:进一步摸清甘肃省康乐县野生药用植物资源及其分布规律,分析药用植物多样性的特征,为该县中草药资源的开发利用和保护提供科学依据。方法:通过野外考察、标本采集、鉴定与资料考证相结合的方法对甘肃省康乐县药用植物资源多样性进行研究。结果:康乐县现有野生药用植物65科258种,以菊科和蔷薇科为主,其中国家级重点药用品种24科39属43种。该地野生药用植物的药用部位主要为全草类和根或根茎类,分别占40.31%和25.19%,药性主要以清热药和祛风湿药为主,分别占28.68%和12.79%。现有栽培药用植物12种,栽培面积达3 000公顷。结论:康乐县药用植物资源虽然丰富,但是多数品种蕴藏量不大,而且近年中草药资源也在逐渐减少,所以应在保护的前提下加快研究进度,进行合理开发利用。     

中药资源化学研究与资源循环利用途径及目标任务

中药资源化学研究目的是促进中药及天然药物资源的有效生产、合理利用和产业的提质增效。中医药事业的发展有赖于中药资源的高效利用和可持续发展,有赖于药用生物资源可利用物质、潜在利用价值的发现技术和手段,有赖于中药资源类群中资源性化学成分的多途径、多层次、精细化利用和产业链的有效延伸,从而实现其循环利用的资源化学研究和资源产业健康发展的目的。该文基于中药资源化学的研究思路,将围绕5个方面对中药资源化学与中药资源循环利用途径及目标任务进行论述:立足于资源稀缺性原则,寻找发现或人工生产可替代性资源,保护珍稀濒危物种及自然资源;立足于资源多宜性原则,通过系统性和精细化开发利用,实现资源价值增值和价值补偿,提升资源利用效率;立足于资源节约和环境友好原则,减少资源消耗,促进循环利用,降低资源成本,提升资源利用效益;基于化害为利的资源化策略,研究揭示外来入侵生物资源的药用及多途径利用价值并加以有效利用,转化和丰富我国药物资源体系;基于化学成分结构修饰策略,发掘和提升中药资源性化学物质的利用价值和潜在利用价值。以期为提升中药资源利用效率,推进中药资源循环经济产业发展,从根本上转变中药农业和中药工业的经济增长方式提供参考和借鉴。     

特色蒙药资源保护与开发利用现状及发展战略简析

蒙药资源是蒙医事业发展的源头和保证,特色蒙药资源是蒙药资源中更具地域性、优质、具有鲜明民族用药特色的蒙药资源,在蒙医药领域有着不可替代的重要地位。然而近年来,由于生态环境破坏、需求量激增等原因,许多特色蒙药资源处于濒危状态,对其保护与开发利用仍存在诸多问题,必须予以足够的重视。该文从特色蒙药资源种类、保护与开发利用现状等方面进行探讨,并在此基础上对特色蒙药资源保护与开发利用今后的发展战略进行了简析,旨在为蒙医药事业快速健康发展提供一点借鉴。     

The prioritisation of paediatrics and palliative care in cancer control plans in Africa

Background:

Given the burden of childhood cancer and palliative care need in Africa, this paper investigated the paediatric and palliative care elements in cancer control plans.

Methods:

We conducted a comparative content analysis of accessible national cancer control plans in Africa, using a health systems perspective attentive to context, development, scope, and monitoring/evaluation. Burden estimates were derived from World Bank, World Health Organisation, and Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance.

Results:

Eighteen national plans and one Africa-wide plan (10 English, 9 French) were accessible, representing 9 low-, 4 lower-middle-, and 5 upper-middle-income settings. Ten plans discussed cancer control in the context of noncommunicable diseases. Paediatric cancer was mentioned in 7 national plans, representing 5127 children, or 13% of the estimated continental burden for children aged 0–14 years. Palliative care needs were recognised in 11 national plans, representing 157 490 children, or 24% of the estimated Africa-wide burden for children aged 0–14 years; four plans specified paediatric palliative needs. Palliative care was itemised in four budgets. Sample indicators and equity measures were identified, including those highlighting contextual needs for treatment access and completion.

Conclusions:

Recognising explicit strategies and funding for paediatric and palliative services may guide prioritised cancer control efforts in resource-limited settings.     

分层次护理模式在护理人力资源管理中的应用

目的探讨分层次护理模式建立的方法,以满足不同层次患者的健康需求。方法对护理人力资源管理存在的问题进行分析,并提出分层次护理模式的建立方法,包括护士分层次方法的确定,建立准入制度,明确岗位职责及审核标准。结果患者健康需求得到较大程度的满足,患者的满意度有了明显提高,患者满意度从92.5%（2000年）提高到95.1%（2006年）。结论分层次护理是一种行之有效的护理模式,对促进护理学科发展起到了积极的促进作用。     

医院护理人力资源配置中存在的问题及对策

通过分析目前我国护理人力资源配置的现状，发现存在的主要问题有：医院护理人力资源配置可参考的标准陈旧；医院护理人员数量不足；医院护理人员年龄结构过于年轻化；医院护理人员学历层次偏低；医院护理人员职称结构不合理，中高职称比例低；医院护理人员流失大等。对策：建议修订配置标准；适当增加医院临床护士数量；提高现有护理人力资源利用率；加强护士的在职培训和学校教育；规范护理技术职称的评审，保持护理队伍合理的技术职称结构。     

陕西产重楼属种质资源的SCoT遗传多样性分析

目的对陕西产重楼属6个类群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。方法采用SCoT分子标记技术和非加权平均距离法(UPGMA)对陕西产重楼属6个类群48份样品进行遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果从82条SCoT引物中共筛选出12条多态性稳定、清晰的引物,48份重楼样品共扩增出152个DNA片段,多态性片段数为135,平均每个引物扩增出12.67个DNA片段,其多态性为88.82%;重楼属植物在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.267 4,Shannon指数(I)平均值为0.404 1,居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 9,种群间基因流(Nm)为0.465 4;6个类群重楼按遗传多样性水平排序为七叶一枝花宽叶重楼具柄重楼狭叶重楼宽瓣重楼北重楼,聚类分析可将北重楼组和其他重楼组区分开来,当遗传距离一定时,重楼属6个类群被完全区分开来。结论 SCoT分子标记可获得多态性丰富、清晰的条带扩增图谱,表明该技术可用于陕西产重楼属主要类群物种分子鉴定和亲缘关系研究,为筛选与药典收载种类近缘的可替代资源种类、指导合理利用地方种类自然资源提供了科学依据。